We all learned in school: aluminum is a chemical element with atomic number 13 and element symbol Al in the periodic table of elements. It belongs to the earth metal group, there are many aluminum alloy strength can be compared with steel, although their density is much lower. Aluminum is silver white, and we use this material, for example, to make signs and doorbells. So far, so good. But what is aluminum, what are the characteristics of this multifunctional material and where is it actually used? We hope to answer these questions accurately in our materials science, aluminum, to bring you closer to the third most common material on earth and the most common material in the crust. Next, we are showing you the origin & history of aluminum.
The origin and history of aluminum
Pliny the elder, a Roman historian, has mentioned alumen in his historica naturalis. It's a mixture of aluminum and sulfur that might have been used in ancient Egypt, Greeks, and Romans as a binder for paint. Male readers among you may know alunite is a hemostatic, and when you first tried shaving, your father put it on your hand. Until the 18th century, alum was actually only used for hemostasis, tanning agents and adhesives.
A German chemist discovered clay, the basis of aluminum, in the mid-18th century. He realized that clay was a still unknown link between metal and oxygen. Half a century later, in 1809, Sir Humphrey David, an Englishman, managed to extract aluminum from alumina in a fraction of a second. Davy also named the material alum after alum. Read more: The evolution of die casting.
Stabilizing metals in the 19th century
The road to stable aluminum took place mainly in the 19th century. Danish scientist Hans Christian Oster successfully described the pure form of metal for the first time. Instead of doing further experiments, however, he shared his findings with German chemist Friedrich Waller. W ü hler continued his experiments and was even able to determine the chemical and physical properties of metals for many years.
In addition to w ü hler, the famous scientist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen also tried to extract aluminum and used the process of electrolysis from sodium aluminum chloride. As a result, he was able to start the metal factory. At the same time, aluminum is also produced in France, which is based on w ü hler's discovery. However, chemist Henri Etienne Saint Claire Deville used a cheaper reducing agent, sodium, instead of potassium. He exhibited what he called silver made of clay at the world's fair in 1855. At that time, this material was more expensive than gold. Since Emperor Napoleon III wanted to use lightweight materials to make breastplates for his soldiers, several factories were built to make the metal.
Breakthrough in the 20th century
The improved process leading to material breakthrough is molten salt electrolysis, in which the base material is decomposed by current. The prerequisite for this process is the generator invented by Siemens, which can provide power on a large scale, and the Bayer process named after Karl Joseph Bayer, which is used to produce alumina from bauxite. In the early 20th century, Alfred Wilm, a German engineer, made metals suitable for industry. He improved the mechanical properties of aluminum significantly through various additives, making metals become the universally applicable materials we know today. At that time, Wilm accidentally discovered that this kind of material can only be used seriously after hardening.
Extraction and manufacture of aluminum
In materials technology, aluminum is understood as all materials based on aluminum. On the one hand, this is pure aluminum with an aluminum content of at least 99.7%, pure aluminum with an aluminum content of at least 99%, and many different aluminum alloys. Even if aluminum is the most common metal in the earth's crust, it exists only in the form of bonding, because aluminum is a base metal.
It usually appears in the form of aluminosilicate in clay, granite or gneiss, but the only economic and reasonable extraction method is from bauxite. The average content of bauxite is 60% aluminum hydroxide, 30% iron oxide, and the rest is silicon dioxide. Aluminum hydroxide exists in different forms, mainly gibbsite, boehmite and boehmite. Primary aluminum or primary aluminum is obtained on the basis of bauxite. However, there is a second possibility of aluminum production, namely recycling. Aluminum obtained in this way is called recycled aluminum.
Primary aluminum
The primary aluminum comes from bauxite (named after Les Baux, France). This is grinding and fine grinding. Now caustic soda is used to remove everything that is not needed, and white clay (alumina) is recovered. According to the cryolite alumina process mentioned in the story section, alumina is decomposed into aluminum and oxygen by molten salt electrolysis and direct current with the help of cathode and anode.
Recycled aluminum
Recycled aluminum is made from recycled aluminum. It is recovered from the waste recycling, and the production cost is only 5% of the original aluminum.
Aluminum properties
In the following, we would like to introduce the properties of light metals in a reasonably short way, without referring to specific physical and chemical formulas.
Structure and density of aluminum
Aluminum is a typical light metal. It's one of the lightest materials we know. Only magnesium is lighter. This is due to the low density of elements, which is 2.6989 g / cm ³。 The density of aluminum alloy only deviates from this figure by + 3% to - 2%.
Mechanical properties
Aluminum is very soft and a very tough material. The tensile strength of pure aluminum is 49 MPa and that of the alloy is 300 to 700 MPa. As a result, the material is very elastic and can even be rolled into a very thin film. You must have a famous aluminum foil in your home. The material is easy to form and can be bent, pressed and forged. Any stress in the cold forming process can be eliminated again by soft annealing.
Thermal performance
The melting point of aluminum is 660.2 ℃ and the boiling point is 2470 ℃. Due to its very low melting temperature (at least lower than that of copper, iron and cast iron), the material is very suitable for the aluminum die casting process. In addition, aluminum is a good conductor of heat. Although its thermal conductivity is not as good as that of copper, the material can make up for this because of its low density. For example, it is often used in heat exchangers of vehicles.
Electrical characteristics
Conductivity depends on the same mechanism as thermal conductivity. Therefore, it is not surprising that aluminum is also a very good electrical conductor. Only gold, silver and copper are more conductive. In addition to copper, the material has now become one of the most important conductor materials, so the cost is also taken into account. However, the density of aluminum is very low, so it is less used in small electronic products, and it is used where lightweight rather than the diameter of the electrical conductor is particularly important. Aluminum, by the way, is not magnetic.
Chemical property
Aluminum obtains a dull silver gray appearance from the rapidly formed fine oxide layer, which makes the material highly resistant to corrosion. This layer can be strengthened by chemical and electrical means. Without this layer, the material is actually silvery white and glossy. Of course, aluminum reacts not only with oxygen, but also with other chemical elements. It reacts strongly with sodium hydroxide. When you use chemical pipe cleaners, you use this reaction to clean the pipe again.
The use of aluminum
Aluminum is used in many areas - as building materials, electrical engineering and electronics, optical and lighting technology, as well as packaging and container industries. We all know about beverage and food cans and the aluminum foil mentioned above. But we also find aluminum in many other disposable items, such as baking trays, dogbag containers or plates. Cookers are made of aluminum, and military dishes are traditionally made of metal. Plastic layers usually protect aluminum containers. In optics, aluminum is mainly used as a mirror coating for surface mirrors. You can find this material in SLR cameras, scanners and car headlights.
Used as building materials
Especially due to its low density and associated portability, aluminum is often used where mass reduction is required. It is a popular material in the aerospace industry, but aluminum has also proved to be particularly suitable for marine products and can save a lot of fuel. In car manufacturing, this material is just beginning to win after years of carbon dependence. Due to its excellent ductility, metals, especially their alloys, enjoy a good reputation in trade fairs and hollow profile manufacturing in automation technology. These are just selected examples. Our doorbell shop is very happy to use aluminum doorbell plate, sign or mailbox,
Used in electrical engineering and electronics
Because of its excellent conductor properties, metals are also used in many different ways in electrical engineering. Buses and underground cables are made of metal, and overhead lines in the grid are made of aluminum, mainly because their low density means they are much lighter than copper cables of this diameter. In the electronic industry, the material is usually used as a connecting wire between the chip and the shell, and as a conductor track in integrated circuits and power semiconductors. Its excellent thermal conductivity makes it ideal for heat transfer systems such as coolers or dissipative substrates. Aluminum is also used to make antennas and waveguides.
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